"""
Transition-path interpolation utilities for conformational induction.

Provides:
  - Kabsch-aligned backbone interpolation between two conformational states
  - Gaussian Schrödinger Bridge (DSB) stochastic interpolation
  - Precomputed frame loading (for AlphaFlow / AFsample2)
  - Unified dispatcher: generate_path_frames()
  - Per-residue displacement computation (for allosteric hinge weighting)
  - Monotonically increasing path weight generation

Used by the path-aware training, guidance, and refinement modules.
"""

import os
import logging
import numpy as np

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


def _kabsch_align(mobile_ca, ref_ca):
    """
    Kabsch alignment of mobile onto ref (CA atoms only).

    Args:
        mobile_ca: [N, 3] array
        ref_ca: [N, 3] array

    Returns:
        R: [3, 3] rotation matrix
        t_mobile: [3] mobile centroid
        t_ref: [3] ref centroid
        Such that: aligned = (mobile - t_mobile) @ R.T + t_ref
    """
    t_mobile = mobile_ca.mean(axis=0)
    t_ref = ref_ca.mean(axis=0)

    m = mobile_ca - t_mobile
    r = ref_ca - t_ref

    H = m.T @ r
    U, S, Vt = np.linalg.svd(H)
    d = np.linalg.det(Vt.T @ U.T)
    sign = np.array([1.0, 1.0, np.sign(d)])
    R = Vt.T @ np.diag(sign) @ U.T

    return R, t_mobile, t_ref


def interpolate_backbone_path(coords_x0, coords_x1, mask_x0, mask_x1, n_frames=5):
    """
    Generate intermediate backbone conformations along the X0 -> X1 path.

    1. Find common valid residues between X0 and X1
    2. Kabsch-align X0 onto X1 using CA atoms
    3. Linearly interpolate backbone coords at n_frames equally-spaced tau values
    4. Reconstruct O from N/CA/C with ideal geometry

    Args:
        coords_x0: [N0, 4, 3] backbone coords (N, CA, C, O) for state 0
        coords_x1: [N1, 4, 3] backbone coords for state 1
        mask_x0: [N0] bool
        mask_x1: [N1] bool
        n_frames: number of intermediate frames (excluding endpoints)

    Returns:
        path_frames: list of (coords_tau, mask_tau, tau) tuples
            coords_tau: [N_common, 4, 3] interpolated backbone coords
            mask_tau: [N_common] bool
            tau: float in (0, 1) exclusive
    """
    # Use common length
    n_common = min(len(coords_x0), len(coords_x1))
    c0 = coords_x0[:n_common].copy()
    c1 = coords_x1[:n_common].copy()
    m0 = mask_x0[:n_common]
    m1 = mask_x1[:n_common]

    # Valid in both states
    common_mask = m0 & m1
    if common_mask.sum() < 5:
        return []

    # Kabsch-align X0 onto X1 using valid CA atoms
    ca0 = c0[common_mask, 1, :]  # CA atoms
    ca1 = c1[common_mask, 1, :]

    R, t_mobile, t_ref = _kabsch_align(ca0, ca1)

    # Apply alignment to all X0 backbone atoms
    n_res = n_common
    flat0 = c0.reshape(-1, 3)
    aligned0 = (flat0 - t_mobile) @ R.T + t_ref
    c0_aligned = aligned0.reshape(n_res, 4, 3)

    # Generate intermediate frames
    taus = np.linspace(0, 1, n_frames + 2)[1:-1]  # exclude endpoints
    path_frames = []

    for tau in taus:
        # Linear interpolation: X_tau = (1 - tau) * X0_aligned + tau * X1
        coords_tau = (1.0 - tau) * c0_aligned + tau * c1

        # Reconstruct O from N, CA, C with ideal C=O bond geometry
        C_pos = coords_tau[:, 2, :]   # C atoms
        CA_pos = coords_tau[:, 1, :]  # CA atoms
        C_CA = C_pos - CA_pos
        C_CA_norm = np.linalg.norm(C_CA, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
        C_CA_norm = np.maximum(C_CA_norm, 1e-8)
        O_pos = C_pos + (C_CA / C_CA_norm) * 1.24  # ideal C=O bond length
        coords_tau[:, 3, :] = O_pos

        path_frames.append((
            coords_tau.astype(np.float32),
            common_mask.copy(),
            float(tau),
        ))

    return path_frames


def compute_residue_displacements(coords_x0, coords_x1, mask_x0, mask_x1):
    """
    Per-residue CA displacement between X0 and X1 after Kabsch alignment.

    Args:
        coords_x0: [N0, 4, 3] backbone coords for state 0
        coords_x1: [N1, 4, 3] backbone coords for state 1
        mask_x0: [N0] bool
        mask_x1: [N1] bool

    Returns:
        displacements: [N_common] array of per-residue CA RMSD
        common_mask: [N_common] bool — which residues are valid
    """
    n_common = min(len(coords_x0), len(coords_x1))
    c0 = coords_x0[:n_common]
    c1 = coords_x1[:n_common]
    m0 = mask_x0[:n_common]
    m1 = mask_x1[:n_common]
    common_mask = m0 & m1

    if common_mask.sum() < 5:
        return np.zeros(n_common), common_mask

    ca0 = c0[common_mask, 1, :]
    ca1 = c1[common_mask, 1, :]

    R, t_mobile, t_ref = _kabsch_align(ca0, ca1)

    # Align all CA of X0
    all_ca0 = c0[:, 1, :]
    aligned_ca0 = (all_ca0 - t_mobile) @ R.T + t_ref

    # Per-residue displacement
    all_ca1 = c1[:, 1, :]
    displacements = np.linalg.norm(aligned_ca0 - all_ca1, axis=-1)

    # Zero out invalid residues
    displacements[~common_mask] = 0.0

    return displacements.astype(np.float32), common_mask


def generate_path_weights(n_frames, mode='linear'):
    """
    Generate monotonically increasing weights for path frames.

    The weights increase toward tau=1 (the goal state), so that
    intermediate conformations closer to X1 are weighted more heavily.

    Args:
        n_frames: number of intermediate frames
        mode: weight schedule
            'linear': w_tau = tau
            'quadratic': w_tau = tau^2
            'exponential': w_tau = (exp(tau) - 1) / (e - 1)
            'uniform': w_tau = 1/n_frames (equal weighting)

    Returns:
        weights: [n_frames] numpy array, normalized to sum to 1
    """
    if n_frames == 0:
        return np.array([], dtype=np.float32)

    taus = np.linspace(0, 1, n_frames + 2)[1:-1]  # same as interpolation

    if mode == 'linear':
        weights = taus.copy()
    elif mode == 'quadratic':
        weights = taus ** 2
    elif mode == 'exponential':
        weights = (np.exp(taus) - 1.0) / (np.e - 1.0)
    elif mode == 'uniform':
        weights = np.ones(n_frames, dtype=np.float32)
    else:
        raise ValueError(f"Unknown weight mode: {mode}")

    # Normalize to sum to 1
    total = weights.sum()
    if total > 0:
        weights = weights / total

    return weights.astype(np.float32)


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Gaussian Schrödinger Bridge (AlignDSB) interpolation
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

def dsb_backbone_path(coords_x0, coords_x1, mask_x0, mask_x1,
                       n_frames=5, sigma=0.5, n_samples=20, seed=42):
    """
    Gaussian Schrödinger Bridge with t*(1-t) variance schedule.

    Analytic formula (no neural network):
        X_t = (1-t) * X0_aligned + t * X1 + sqrt(t * (1-t)) * sigma * Z

    Variance peaks at t=0.5 (maximum uncertainty mid-transition) and vanishes
    at endpoints. sigma controls noise amplitude in Angstroms.

    For each tau, samples n_samples noisy interpolations and selects the
    median (by RMSD to the mean) for robustness.

    Args:
        coords_x0: [N0, 4, 3] backbone coords for state 0
        coords_x1: [N1, 4, 3] backbone coords for state 1
        mask_x0: [N0] bool
        mask_x1: [N1] bool
        n_frames: number of intermediate frames
        sigma: noise amplitude (Angstroms)
        n_samples: number of samples per frame for median selection
        seed: random seed

    Returns:
        path_frames: list of (coords_tau, mask_tau, tau) tuples
    """
    rng = np.random.RandomState(seed)

    n_common = min(len(coords_x0), len(coords_x1))
    c0 = coords_x0[:n_common].copy()
    c1 = coords_x1[:n_common].copy()
    m0 = mask_x0[:n_common]
    m1 = mask_x1[:n_common]

    common_mask = m0 & m1
    if common_mask.sum() < 5:
        return []

    # Kabsch-align X0 onto X1
    ca0 = c0[common_mask, 1, :]
    ca1 = c1[common_mask, 1, :]
    R, t_mobile, t_ref = _kabsch_align(ca0, ca1)

    flat0 = c0.reshape(-1, 3)
    aligned0 = (flat0 - t_mobile) @ R.T + t_ref
    c0_aligned = aligned0.reshape(n_common, 4, 3)

    taus = np.linspace(0, 1, n_frames + 2)[1:-1]
    path_frames = []

    for tau in taus:
        noise_scale = np.sqrt(tau * (1.0 - tau)) * sigma

        # Generate n_samples noisy interpolations
        samples = []
        for _ in range(n_samples):
            Z = rng.randn(n_common, 4, 3).astype(np.float64)
            X_t = (1.0 - tau) * c0_aligned + tau * c1 + noise_scale * Z
            samples.append(X_t)

        samples = np.array(samples)  # [n_samples, N, 4, 3]
        mean_sample = samples.mean(axis=0)  # [N, 4, 3]

        # Select median sample by RMSD to mean (CA atoms)
        rmsds = []
        for s in samples:
            diff = s[common_mask, 1, :] - mean_sample[common_mask, 1, :]
            rmsd = np.sqrt((diff ** 2).sum() / common_mask.sum())
            rmsds.append(rmsd)
        median_idx = np.argsort(rmsds)[len(rmsds) // 2]
        coords_tau = samples[median_idx]

        # Reconstruct O from N, CA, C
        C_pos = coords_tau[:, 2, :]
        CA_pos = coords_tau[:, 1, :]
        C_CA = C_pos - CA_pos
        C_CA_norm = np.linalg.norm(C_CA, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
        C_CA_norm = np.maximum(C_CA_norm, 1e-8)
        coords_tau[:, 3, :] = C_pos + (C_CA / C_CA_norm) * 1.24

        path_frames.append((
            coords_tau.astype(np.float32),
            common_mask.copy(),
            float(tau),
        ))

    return path_frames


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Precomputed frame loading (for AlphaFlow / AFsample2)
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

def load_precomputed_frames(target, method, precomputed_dir,
                             coords_x0, coords_x1, mask_x0, mask_x1,
                             n_frames=5):
    """
    Load pre-generated frames from .npz and Kabsch-align to this complex's
    receptor coordinate frame.

    Expected file: {precomputed_dir}/{target}/{method}/frames.npz
    with keys: 'frames' [n_frames, N_ref, 4, 3], 'taus' [n_frames],
               'mask' [N_ref] bool

    Args:
        target: target name (e.g. 'cam')
        method: method name ('alphaflow' or 'afsample2')
        precomputed_dir: root directory for precomputed frames
        coords_x0, coords_x1: apo/holo backbone coords for alignment
        mask_x0, mask_x1: residue masks
        n_frames: number of frames to return

    Returns:
        path_frames: list of (coords_tau, mask_tau, tau) tuples
    """
    npz_path = os.path.join(precomputed_dir, target, method, 'frames.npz')
    if not os.path.exists(npz_path):
        logger.warning(f"Precomputed frames not found: {npz_path}, "
                       f"falling back to linear interpolation")
        return interpolate_backbone_path(coords_x0, coords_x1,
                                          mask_x0, mask_x1, n_frames)

    data = np.load(npz_path)
    pre_frames = data['frames']   # [K, N_ref, 4, 3]
    pre_taus = data['taus']       # [K]
    pre_mask = data['mask']       # [N_ref]

    n_common = min(len(coords_x0), len(coords_x1), len(pre_mask))
    m0 = mask_x0[:n_common]
    m1 = mask_x1[:n_common]
    pm = pre_mask[:n_common]
    common_mask = m0 & m1 & pm

    if common_mask.sum() < 5:
        logger.warning(f"Too few common residues for {target}/{method}, "
                       f"falling back to linear")
        return interpolate_backbone_path(coords_x0, coords_x1,
                                          mask_x0, mask_x1, n_frames)

    # Align precomputed frames to the holo receptor (X1) coordinate frame
    # The precomputed frames were generated from the reference apo sequence
    # and may be in a different coordinate frame
    ref_ca = coords_x1[:n_common][common_mask, 1, :]  # holo CA as reference

    path_frames = []
    K = min(len(pre_frames), n_frames)

    # Select n_frames evenly spaced from available frames
    if len(pre_frames) > n_frames:
        indices = np.linspace(0, len(pre_frames) - 1, n_frames).astype(int)
    else:
        indices = np.arange(K)

    for idx in indices:
        frame = pre_frames[idx, :n_common].copy()  # [N_common, 4, 3]
        tau = float(pre_taus[idx])

        # Kabsch-align frame CA to holo CA
        frame_ca = frame[common_mask, 1, :]
        R, t_frame, t_ref = _kabsch_align(frame_ca, ref_ca)

        flat_frame = frame.reshape(-1, 3)
        aligned = (flat_frame - t_frame) @ R.T + t_ref
        frame_aligned = aligned.reshape(n_common, 4, 3)

        # Reconstruct O
        C_pos = frame_aligned[:, 2, :]
        CA_pos = frame_aligned[:, 1, :]
        C_CA = C_pos - CA_pos
        C_CA_norm = np.linalg.norm(C_CA, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
        C_CA_norm = np.maximum(C_CA_norm, 1e-8)
        frame_aligned[:, 3, :] = C_pos + (C_CA / C_CA_norm) * 1.24

        path_frames.append((
            frame_aligned.astype(np.float32),
            common_mask.copy(),
            tau,
        ))

    return path_frames


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Unified dispatcher
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

def generate_path_frames(coords_x0, coords_x1, mask_x0, mask_x1,
                          method='linear', n_frames=5,
                          precomputed_dir=None, target=None, **kwargs):
    """
    Dispatch to method-specific frame generation.

    Args:
        coords_x0, coords_x1: [N, 4, 3] backbone coords for apo/holo
        mask_x0, mask_x1: [N] bool masks
        method: one of 'linear', 'alphaflow', 'afsample2', 'dsb', 'anm'
        n_frames: number of intermediate frames
        precomputed_dir: directory for precomputed frames (alphaflow/afsample2)
        target: target name (needed for precomputed methods)
        **kwargs: method-specific parameters (sigma, n_modes, etc.)

    Returns:
        path_frames: list of (coords_tau, mask_tau, tau) tuples
    """
    if method == 'linear':
        return interpolate_backbone_path(
            coords_x0, coords_x1, mask_x0, mask_x1, n_frames)

    elif method in ('alphaflow', 'afsample2'):
        if precomputed_dir is None:
            raise ValueError(f"precomputed_dir required for method '{method}'")
        if target is None:
            raise ValueError(f"target name required for method '{method}'")
        return load_precomputed_frames(
            target, method, precomputed_dir,
            coords_x0, coords_x1, mask_x0, mask_x1, n_frames)

    elif method == 'dsb':
        return dsb_backbone_path(
            coords_x0, coords_x1, mask_x0, mask_x1,
            n_frames=n_frames,
            sigma=kwargs.get('sigma', 0.5),
            n_samples=kwargs.get('n_samples', 20),
            seed=kwargs.get('seed', 42))

    elif method == 'anm':
        from utils.anm import anm_backbone_path
        return anm_backbone_path(
            coords_x0, coords_x1, mask_x0, mask_x1,
            n_frames=n_frames,
            n_modes=kwargs.get('n_modes', 10),
            cutoff=kwargs.get('cutoff', 15.0))

    else:
        raise ValueError(f"Unknown path method: '{method}'. "
                         f"Choose from: linear, alphaflow, afsample2, dsb, anm")